Banning Prayer In Schools Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Baning Prayer In Schools Essay, Research Paper Baning Prayer in Schools When schools foremost opened 100s of old ages ago supplication was ever enforced, and the Bible was the lone book most schools had to read. Our first constitutional right provinces that we have the right to freedom of address and freedom of faith, and as our right the authorities can non state us when it is appropriate to pray. The authorities is merely taking off yet another right doing us weaker and themselves stronger. The bible being the first book in instruction, the first amendment, minute of silence in school, the spiritual freedom amendment, and how society have reacted to this state of affairs aid to make my sentiment on supplication in schools. The oldest known system of instruction was to learn faith and promote traditions of people. In the western universe instruction was based on Biblical traditions of the Old Testament. We will write a custom essay sample on Banning Prayer In Schools Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first school in America was in Jamestown in 1607. Schools were church related or private, including universities. Yale, Harvard, Brown, and Dartmouth were all established by church groups. In the early 1800 # 8217 ; s four of every 1000 people were illiterate. Grecian and Latin were taught in grammar school. Protestantism permeated the text editions, which caused the Catholics to make their ain schools. In the early 1800 # 8217 ; s, Horace Mann, as president of the senate in Massachusetts, initiated the first province board of public direction. He wanted public instruction to be Unitarian and did non believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ. He wanted province instruction with no Christian influence. Mann followed Germany # 8217 ; s Hegelian doctrine, which claimed nil was absolute and adult male # 8217 ; s thoughts were superior to Biblical rules. This was the of import displacement from nonsubjective worlds to subjective worlds. ( Mel Gablers ) In the early twentieth centur y, John Dewey, a university professor trained instructors in # 8220 ; progressive instruction # 8221 ; . Teachers today are instructed in this doctrine. Mr. Dewey was a signer of the Humanist Manifest # 1, and believed that Christianity was the rule job of society, a job to be solved through public instruction. He rejected belief in God, embraced development, and thought behavioural psychological science was the manner to command human behaviour. To make societal persons, Mr. Dewey advocated gradual alteration in the schools to toss off class faculty members and construct course of study around occupational activities, which would supply the maximal chance for socialisation. He admitted that high literacy produced persons who can stand on their ain two pess and think discerningly, something that would blockade the creative activity of a socialist Utopia. ( Blumenfeld Blumenfeld Education Letter January 1992 ) . In 1932 the National Education Association ( NEA ) stated that schools must make what the place and community had done in the yesteryear. In the 1960 # 8217 ; s a new psychological science, the # 8220 ; Third Wave # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; self-actualization # 8221 ; was developed by Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and William Coulson. The thought that people needed to acquire in touch with and verbalise their deepest feelings and ideas was introduced into schools. Feelingss were taught alternatively of truth, subjective worlds. Dr. Coulson now maintains that it is black and that kids need to be taught the rudimentss and nonsubjective worlds. # 8220 ; We have got to stuff our childs caputs with truth and so we will give them something to believe with. # 8221 ; This translates into a supplication for lower degree accomplishment command before higher degree thought accomplishments are introduced, the antonym of today # 8217 ; s educational restructuring doctrine in Kansas and elsewhere. Quality Performance Accreditation redefines the mission of schools to officially implement affectional and psychological ends as portion of the instruction procedure. Rather than parents being the primary authorization for the kid # 8217 ; s socialisation, values, attitudes and behaviour, the school usurps that occupation. ( Blumenfeld ) . The first amendment provinces that congress shall do no jurisprudence esteeming an constitution of faith or forbiding the free exercising thereof. ( Giesler 1 ) . The fundamental law grants the free exercising of faith to every American, and that right should non disappear at the doors of a public school. Although the fundamental law does non overtly reference God, it does connote dependence upon a Creator through its last words, called the Subscription Clause. ( Religious Freedom Act ) . After the Constitution was written, the first 10 amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, were added to guarantee the care of certain autonomies non expressly stated in the Constitution. James Madison wrote the first amendment # 8220 ; faith clause, # 8221 ; and an earlier bill of exchange made his purposes clear: The civil rights of none shall be abridged on history of spiritual belief or worship, nor shall any national faith be established? When the Anti-federalist saw the word # 8220 ; nationa l # 8221 ; in Madison # 8217 ; s earlier bill of exchange, they argued that his usage of that word presupposed a powerful centralised authorities. That was non Madison # 8217 ; s purpose, so his diction was changed to the present building. Yet understanding intended to relieve the fright that a national church, such as the Anglican Church in Great Britain, would lift to officia cubic decimeter distinction. ( Historical Context of Constitution ) In 1962 the Supreme Court decided that public schools did non hold the power to authorise school supplication. This determination made public school in the U.S. more unbelieving than many European states. For illustration, crosses still hang on the schoolroom walls in Poland, and the Ten Commandments are displayed in Hungary. There are supplications held at the beginning of legislative and judicial Sessionss and every President has mentioned a godly power in his inaugural address. In maintaining with a spirit of spiritual freedom as stated in the First Amendment, there is no ground why pupils should non be allowed to hold a minute of silence during the school twenty-four hours when they can pray or make as they choose. ( Newsweek 124 ) . The instance Engel v. Vitale in 1962 decided that school supplication is unconstitutional. With this instance, it was pointed out that the pupils were to # 8220 ; voluntarily # 8221 ; declaim the undermentioned supplication: # 8220 ; Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependance upon Thee, and we beg Thy approvals upon us, our parents, our instructors, and our country. # 8221 ; The tribunal ruled that this regulation was unconstitutional harmonizing to the First Amendment # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; constitution clause, # 8221 ; which states # 8220 ; Congress shall do no jurisprudence esteeming an constitution of faith # 8221 ; . In response to the Engel v.Vitale instance some schools adopted a # 8220 ; minute of silence # 8221 ; . ( Barbara A. Simon 129 ) Thomas Jefferson wrote the celebrated phrase # 8220 ; separation and church # 8221 ; in a missive to the Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut. He was reacting to the missive they had written, which stated: ? Our Sentiments are uniformly on the side of Religious Liberty # 8211 ; That Religion is at all times and places a Matter between God and Individuals # 8211 ; That no adult male ought to endure in Name, individual or effects on history of his spiritual Opinions # 8211 ; That the legitimate Power of civil Government extends no further than to penalize the adult male who works ailment to his neighbour? Jefferson responded by stating: I contemplate with autonomous fear that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislative assembly should # 8216 ; do no jurisprudence esteeming an constitution of faith, or forbiding the free exercising thereof, # 8217 ; Thus constructing the wall between separation and church. Jefferson # 8217 ; s declaration of # 8220 ; a wall of separation between Church and State # 8221 ; expressed his sentiment that the federal authorities did non hold the authorization to # 8220 ; order even occasional public presentations of [ spiritual ] devotion. # 8221 ; He did non oppugn the cogency of spiritual belief, but constructed his # 8220 ; wall # 8221 ; to protect spiritual freedom of scruples from the potentially of one federally recognized faith. Today, Thomas Jefferson # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; wall # 8217 ; of separation # 8221 ; has been removed from its context. Jefferson upheld the rights of spiritual free look by pupils in an educational scene as demonstrated by the 3rd article of the Northwest Ordinance, which he wrote. It said: Religion, morality, and cognition being necessary to good authorities and the felicity of world, schools and the agencies of instruction shall everlastingly be encouraged. ( Danbury Letter ) . The Religious Freedom Amendment states that to procure the people # 8217 ; s right to admit God harmonizing to the dictates of scruples: Neither the United States nor any State shall set up any official faith, but the people # 8217 ; s right to pray and to acknowledge their spiritual beliefs, heritage or tradition on public belongings, including schools, shall non be infringed. Neither the United States nor any province shall necessitate any individual to fall in in supplication, or other spiritual activity, prescribe school supplications, discriminate against faith, or deny a benefit on history of faith. ( Religious Freedom Coalition ) The Religious Freedom Amendment would change by reversal tendencies of stamp downing spiritual look including student- initiated supplication in public schools. The RFA retains the First Amendment # 8217 ; s purpose that authorities should non command nor oblige faith in America, but should suit it the same as other signifiers of address. Prayer at football games has besides been banned at schools. Many pupils are looking to acquire off from that limitation. In Lyford, Texas a group called, Angels in the Endzone was formed to pray before a football game. Since the jurisprudence says that the school can non take supplication pupils gathered at the endzone along with the football participants to pray before the game. ( Willacy Times ; # 8220 ; Angels in the Endzone # 8221 ; : October12, 1999, A9 ) . At Van High School a church group went around the opinion of non praying before football games and brought a mike to the game and led a supplication themselves. ( Valley Morning Star # 8220 ; Alliance circumvents school supplication prohibition # 8221 ; : October 17, 1999, A5 ) In my research I have found that many people are for supplication in schools. I excessively am for supplication in schools. Now a yearss there are many Acts of the Apostless of force in schools and there needs to be some sort of order in schools. We were given the right to pray wherever we wanted harmonizing to the fundamental law. Prayer seemed to work in the old yearss and there did non look to be violent Acts of the Apostless the manner there is now.

democracy in early us essays

democracy in early us essays Democratic government in the United States had its beginnings during the colonial period. The Mayflower Compact, House of Burgesses, New England Town Meetings, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the Zenger trial each was an important step in the development of our democracy. For example, The Mayflower Compact was an agreement among the Pilgrims of Plymouth, to establish a body and to obey the rules of the governors they chose. The House of Burgesses was the Virginian parliament. Other colonies had such legislative bodies, too. The Burgesses were mainly colonists who preferred democracy to monarchy. They were often in conflict with the British government and the governors. The British government didn't accept the House of Burgesses as a legal institution. Each event had contributed to the development of democracy differently. Ten years before the Puritans landed near Boston in 1630, the Pilgrims had landed on Cape Cod. Because they were far north of their sponsoring company's jurisdiction, they agreed to the "Mayflower Compact," a temporary set of principles about how they would govern themselves until a charter arrived. It never did. The "Mayflower Compact" is one of the first statements of rights and obligations made by a group of New World European migrants. It was also an effective answer to a few settlers who thought they could place their own aims above the community. English landowners had insisted on meeting with their leaders for consultation in local matters ever since the Magna Carta was signed in 1215. Virginia settlers expected that same right. The House of Burgesses was modeled after the English Parliament and established in 1619. Members would meet at least once a year with their royal governor to decide local laws and determine local taxation. They continued to meet on a yearly basis to decide local matters. The tradition established by the House of Burgesses was extremely important to colonial development. Eac...

Consumer Behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Consumer Behavior - Assignment Example Yes, it does require a change but not necessarily for all products. Changing the image is good as it will mean a change in the advertisement of their candy products that target the adults. This is a way to entice the adults to purchase the products for themselves and enjoy them. On the other hand, a change in the image will make the adults feel more included by the company in the candy and their input in the companies appreciated as well. It will also make the conscious parents shed their inner guilt of eating while they tell the opposite to their children. A change in an image of the candy products to include the adults may lead to an exclusion of the children and this might reduce the children’s market as they will consider the candy to be an adult thing and not for children and this is not the aim of the companies. When the children feel left out and they are considered an all year consumers, it will mean that in the seasons that adults are not purchasing the candy in plent y; business will be non-existent for the candy companies. Bite size candies are manageable in terms of a number of calories they contain which most adults and especially the women who are known to be watching their weight prefer. They want to be able to still eat candy but in smaller amounts without any form of temptation and the best way to do this are by purchasing bite size candies. Other than the issue of watching weight and calories, these types of candies are easier to be concealed from the view of others and especially children.

Service Encounter Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Service Encounter Analysis - Essay Example Although I rather expected a sales person to descend upon me and attempt to make a sale, the fact of the matter was that I spent around 5-10 minutes browsing without anyone even asking if they could assist me. After such a time, I had a legitimate question concerning the specifications of a particular laptop. However, as I tried to make eye contact and get the attention of the section salesperson, I was all but ignored. Eventually I went to the salesperson and asked if they could assist me with a few questions I had. Rather than willingly offering their help, they seemed to begrudge the fact that they had to be troubled by a customer. Although to their credit they were able to answer my question in a knowledgeable way, they did not do so with the determination or desire that I would have expected from someone whose job it was to be in such a customer service oriented position. The physical location of the store was in central London. The dà ©cor and surroundings of the internal store itself were Spartan and geared more towards a utilitarian representation of the product to the customer rather than hoping to create an ambient store atmosphere. This â€Å"big box† feeling somewhat diminished from the customer service experience due to the fact that the customer feels that they are just another face in the crowd whose sole purpose is to come, buy, and leave. As a means of improving this particular service encounter, it is my belief that the situation could have greatly benefitted from hiring an individual who was both knowledgeable and interested in customer service. Although I was satisfied with the information I received, the way in which it was given was not willingly. As a means of bettering the level of customer care, the store might want to pay a closer attention to hiring better people and/or instilling a greater degree of customer care training in the future. Although the experience was less than stellar, the

A Policy Change in Solstice Sleep Products (SSP) Essay

A Policy Change in Solstice Sleep Products (SSP) - Essay Example Further, the impact of the new policy on various management functions will be evaluated before concluding with potential benefits of the policy. At SSP, the management levies greater importance to customer service but pays little attention to human resource management. This imbalance can be regarded as the cause for much dissatisfaction among workers and constant conflicts between management and workers. Workers perform their duties as per their supervisors’ instructions, which usually vary on a daily basis. A few of them work overtime on a continuous basis; these workers usually work overtime to earn some extra income as the worker incomes are not up to the mark considering the nature of their job and the pace of business growth. Imbalanced work allocation, extended working hours, and low wages are also causing increased stress, frustration and low motivation among workers. In order to improve the situation and bring about the harmonious working condition, it is important to change the way management has been functioning. Numerous measures would be required for effective human resources management, which may be difficult to implement at once; however, one significant change that could address many issues is the introduction of an effective performance management system. A new policy that could be of great benefit for SSP is the introduction of a comprehensive performance management system can be of great significance for the business as well as the management and workers. Performance management system can be used to measure productivity on a daily, weekly, monthly and yearly basis. Moreover, individuals’ current and past performance can be used as the basis for their career progression, which will ensure that the supervisors and team leaders are well versed with the work being performed. Moreover, good performers can be encouraged for taking up additional responsibilities like training, supervision, guidance etc, which will not only improve the w orkers’ motivation but also help in building trust in management’s decision. The performance management system should include appraisal systems that need to be conducted half-yearly and annually for deciding pay hikes for the workers. Performance management system should also include rewards and recognition for the top performing workers and a feedback mechanism for the underperforming workers to improve. If promotions and career progression are linked with performance, it would be of great value to the business and to the workers. A comprehensive performance management will have a significant impact on various management functions in the long run, as well as has the capability to show its immediate impact. For instance, a number of workers required for a specific activity can be assessed by studying workers’ performance and productivity. Moreover, staff can be planned as per work volume or production demand if we can assess each worker’s ability. Dependi ng upon the time taken to perform each activity, targets and expectations can be set, thereby avoiding the need for extended working hours. Based on the skills and efficiency of workers, work can be organized into various different units, from simpler tasks to complex ones.  

Therapeutic and Nutritional Values of Fruits From Nanded

Therapeutic and Nutritional Values of Fruits From Nanded THERAPEUTIC AND NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF WIDELY GROWN UNCOMMON FRUITS FROM NANDED REGION-A REVIEW Sonwane PP, Gond NY ABSTRACT: The use of immunostimulants as an alternative to the drugs, chemicals and antibiotics currently being used to control diseases man many have focused on the use of widely grown uncommon fruits and medicinal plant as potential therapeutic measures for modulating the immune response to prevent and control diseases. The possible use of naturally available fruits such as Ziziphus Jujuba, Ramnaceae (Ber), Buchania Lanzan, Anacardeaceae (Charr,/Chironji), Coccinia Grandis, Cucurbitaceae (Tindori,Tindora), Phoenix Sylvestris, Arecaceae (Shinole,Shindi), Grewiatiliifolia vahlvar, Tiliaceae (Dhaman.), Madhuca longifolia, Sapotaceae. (Moha.), Cordia dichotoma foret Boraginaceae. (Bhokar), Aegle marmelos Corr. Rutaceae. (Beal), Diospyros melanoxylon roxb,Diospyros decandra ,Ebenaceae. (Tendu,tembhurni), Rumex vasicarius . Polygonaceae. ( Hummayd and hammad ,sour-wort), etc. has been discussed in this article. The aim of this paper is to review research currently being carried out on the widely g rown uncommon fruits that have been nutritional and therapeutic value. Key words – Nutritional value, therapeutic value, widely grown, uncommon fruits INTRODUCTION: In most developing countries the food situation is worsening owing to increasing population, shortage of fertile land, high prices of available staples restrictions on import of the food, this has resulted in a high incidence of hunger malnutrition, a situation in which children women especially pregnant lactating women are most vulnerable. The present day need is to have information about the new food sources exploiting the vast number of less familiar plant resources existing in the nature. There are several foods that are consumed by the people in different region on a very limited scale especially among the tribal population. The wild fruits of many species have served as dietary staples medicines for thousands of years, particularly in the tribal rural areas of Nanded region of Marathwada. Certain fruits are the good sources of various nutrients especially anthocyonins, carotene, ascorbic acid minerals. Considering their no cost production, easy availability, abundant production, they need to be popularized recommended for commercial exploitation .If the people begin to derive an economic benefit from these wild plants, the natural environment of the area would be conserved managed the integrity of the food chains relationship within the ecosystem can be maintained. Good nutrition can help to prevent disease and promote health. There are six categories of nutrients that the body needs to acquire from food protein, carbohydrates, fat, fibers,Vitaminsand minerals and water. Food nutritional security are key issues for human wellbeing. Researches, governments organizations working with food nutrition are concerned with the nutritional status of the general population especially children, pregnant women lactating mothers in the developing countries. In the developing countries, starch based foods are major sources which supply both energy proteins requirements. Thus, protein deficiency prevails among the problems recognized by food and agricultural organizations. To alleviate the situation, efforts should be focused on sustainable use of underutilized and lesser wild plant fruits as a source of nutrient supplements in enhancing food and nutrition security. FRUITS ORIGINATED IMMUNOSTIMULANTS Natural widely grown fruits have various activities such as antistress, growth promotion, appetite stimulation, immune-stimulation, aphrodisiac and antimicrobial properties due to the active principles such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibers, alkaloids, flavanoids pigments, phenol, terpenoids, steroids and essential oils. 1) Ziziphus jujuba, belonging to family Ramnaceae, commonly named as Ber: It was distributed all over the Nanded district. Root were used to cure cough, headache. Leaves were used as antipyretic used in the treatment of obesity. Fruits were cooling, digestible, tonic, laxative, and a rich source of Vit–C, along with that having antibacterial, anti-inflammatory antioxidant. 2) Buchania lanzan, family Anacardeaceae, commonly named as Charr,Chironji: It was found throughout India, Burma and Nepal (1) and in India Hingoli, Parbhani, Latur and Nanded regions of Maharashtra. The plant grows on yellow sandy loam soil used in eprosy, diuretics, haemorrhage, cardiac disease, asthama, fever. Its roots are used as antiulcer (Scholars research library) 3) Coccinia grandis L.Voigt, belonging to family Cucurbitaceae, commonly named as Tindori,Tindora: It is distributed in tropical regions of Asia, Africa and is commonly found in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Srilanka. Different parts of Coccinia grandis such as roots, leaves and fruits were used for various medicinal purposes such as wound healing, ulcer, jaundice, diabetic and antipyretic. The roots have antioxidant activity [Tamilselvan N1,] [Indo Global Journal]. Fruit of Coccinia grandis is used as vegetable when green and eaten fresh when ripened into bright scarlet colour2. Every part of this plant is used as medicine and various preparations have been mentioned in indigenous system of medicine for various skin diseases, bronchial catarrh, bronchitis and Unani systems of medicine for ring worm, psoriasis, small pox, and scabies and other itchy skin eruptions and ulcers 3. Oil of this plant is used as an injection into chronic sinuses. The plant is used in decoction for gonnorhoeae, diabetes and also useful in dropsical condition, pyelitis, cystitis, strangury, snake bite, urinary gravel and calculi 4, 5. It is also useful to induce perspiration in fever and cures sores in the tongue 6. It has antilithic5, hypolipidemicb 7, antimutagenic 8 and hypoglycemic activities9, 10, anti-inflamatory activity [S.V Deshpande1], antioxidant activity of leaf extract of Coccinia grandis. [ Journal of Ethnopharmacology], antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Coccinia grandis. [ Journal of applied pharmaceutical science] 4) Phoenix sylvestris, belonging to family Arecaceae, commonly named as shinole, shindi It is locally called as shindi or shindole. It was found in Nanded, Parbhani, Latur regions of Marathawada state of Maharashtra, India. Fruits are edible, juice used to relieves toothache, pain, fever and respiratory disorder, and used as nerve tonic. 5) Grewiatiliifolia vahlvar, of family Grewiatiliaceae, commonly known as Dhaman : It Is found in all districts of maharashtra state of India . Fruits are edible. It is having Antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity. 6) Madhuca longifolia, belong to family Sapotaceae commonly known as Moha : This plants was found in all districts of Maharashtra except Osmanabad. Fruits and flowers are edible. They are used in treatment of diseases to skin. Syrup was used for medicinal purposes; It is also used in urine diseases and diabetes. 7) Cordia dichotoma foret f. Boraginaceae (Bhokar): It is commonly called as Bhokar .It is found in Aurangabad, Nanded, Parbhani and Osmanabad district of Mharashtra,India, Fruits are edible. The fruits are commonly used as Antiulcer, antimicrobial, anti-inflamatory, hepatoprotective antidiabetic activity. Antiulcer,antimicrobial, in acutetoxity,antiinflamatory,hepatoprotective.anti-diabetic activity . 8) Aegle marmelos Corr. Rutaceae (Beal) : It is commonly called as Beal .It is found In all district of Maharashtra. Fruit pulp is edible. It is Aromatic cooling, antioxidant and antimicrobial property. it is pleasantly laxative and simple cure for Dyspepsia. 9) Diospyros melanoxylon roxb. Ebenaceae.(Tendu, tembhurni,tember):It is locally called as tendu,tembhurni or tembe.It is found in Nanded,Latur, Jalna district of Marathwada. Fruits are edible.It is having Antimicrobial property,and bark shows the antihyperglycemic activity,some species shows the significant antispasmodial effect against p.falciparum, and anti-ulcer activity. 10) Rumex vasicarius l. Polygonaceae (Hummayd and hammad ,sour-wort ) : It is found in Nanded,Hingoli,Parbhani districts of Maharashtra. Fruits are edible. It is used as cooling,laxative ,analgesic,stomachic.leaf juice is used as astringent.it is also used in the heart trouble,constipation,asthmaBronchitis and piles. Tamilselvan N, Thirumalai T, Elumalai EK, Balaji R, David E, Pharmacognosy of Coccinia grandis: a review, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2011)S299-S302. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012; 2(3): 230-238 -S.V Deshpande1*, M. J. Patil2, S.C. Daswadkar1, U. Suralkar3, A. Agarwal3  Ã‚  -Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 71, Issue 1, Pages 89-92 Anju Puri, R Sahai, Kiran L Singh, R.P Saxena, J.S Tandon, K.C Saxena -Journal of applied pharmaceutical science NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin-1beta generation. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2007;147 (2): 227–235. 2. Sastri BN, The Wealth of India A Dictionary of Raw Material and Industrial Products, vol 2 and  8,Publication and Information Directorate CSIR New Delhi, , 1950: 257 and 285-293. 3. Behl PN, Arora RB, Srivastava G and Malhotia, Herbs useful in Dermatological therapy, CBS  Publishers and Distributor, Delhi, 1993. 4. Nadkarni, KM, Indian Materia Medica with Ayurvedic, Unani Products and Home Remedies.  vol. 1, Popular Prakasham, Bombay, 1976:845-846. 5. Jayaweera, DM, Medicinal Plants (Indigenous and Exotic) used in Ceylon, Part 2, A Publication  of the Natural Sciences Council of Srilanka, Colombo, 1980. 6. Anonymous, Dictionary of Indian Medicinal Plants, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic  Plants, India, 1992. 7. Kumar PG., Sudheeshi S and Vijayalakshmi NR: Hypoglycemic effect of Coccinia indica.  Mechanism of Action, Planta Medica.1997; 59(4):330-332. 8. Kusamran WR, Tepsuwan A and Kupradinum P: Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic Potential  of some Thai vegetables. Mutat. Res., 1998; 402(1, 2):247-258. 9. Gupta SS., Pituitary diabetes. III. Effect of indigenous antidiabetic drugs against the acute  hyperglycemic response of anterior pituitary extract in glucose-fed albino rats, Indian J. Med.  Res., 1963;51(4):716-724. 10. Mukherjee K, Ghosh NC and Datta T, Coccinia indica as a potential hypoglycemic agent, Indian  J. Exp. Bio. 1972;5(10): 347-349. Ferrero-Miliani L, Nielsen OH, Andersen PS, Girardin SE : Chronic inflammation: importance of  Florra of Marathwada. Vol-I, Vol-II,

Plan of Champ de Mars, Paris 1889 Essay examples -- Architecture Histo

Plan of Champ de Mars, Paris 1889 This is a twenty-six by forty-eight centimeter plan of the Champ de Mars during the Exposition Universelle of 1889, used by visitors at the time of the fair, a bold political statement on the part of France, as well as an overwhelming success. The Third Republic was established in Paris in 1870, and by 1884, when preliminary studies for the the Exposition Universelle were launched, many political issues were still largely unresolved. In 1870 Napoleon III surrendered at the Battle of Sedan during the Franco-Prussian War. Two days after the defeat Republicans proclaimed the advent of the Third Republic. The Franco-Prussian war ended with Paris's capitulation in 1871. A group of Parisians found Prussia's terms humiliating and wanted to keep fighting. Later dubbed the Communards, they established a dictatorship in Paris known as the Central Committee of the National Guard, later renamed La Commune. However, before La Commune could put its principles into effect, The National Assembly sen t troops into Paris to eradicate the uprising. Even with the elimination of La Commune, there was great dissention within the government. There were conflicts between and within the Left and Right movements. An economic depression began in France in 1873 and worsened into the 1880s, affecting agriculture, industry, and small-scale trade. Citizen unrest was clearly evident in the popularity of General Georges Boulanger, who promised a reform, if not revolution, of the existing government.. In 1888, when Boulanger was at the height of his political esteem, the threat of governmental crisis was very palpable. It was under these circumstances that the Paris exposition of 1889, to commemorate the centennial anniversar... ...pride, it secured France's rank in the eyes of Europe. Bibliography Corporate Author, United States Commissioner to the Paris Exposition Washington: Government Printing Office, 1891 Findling, John E., Historical Dictionary of World's Fairs and Expositions, 1851-1988 New York: Greenwood Press, 1990 Jourdain, Frantz, Exposition Universelle de 1889 Paris: Librarie Centrale des Beaux-arts, 1892 Levin, Miriam, When the Eiffel Tower was New: French Visions of Progress at the Centennial of the Revolution South Hadley, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989 Silverman, Deborah L., "The Crisis of Bourgeois Individualism", Oppositions 1977, vol. 8, p.70-91 Walton, William, Chefs-d'oeuvre de l'Exposition Universelle de Paris 1889 Philadelphia: Barrie Fr res, 1889 Watson, William,Paris Universal Exposition Washington: Government Printing Office, 1892